In recent years, Romania has become an increasingly attractive destination for foreign citizens who come to work, study, or start a business. Currently, over 150,000 non-EU residents live legally in the country, and the number continues to grow. That’s why it’s important for anyone planning to stay longer in Romania to understand their legal rights and obligations that protect their status.

The right to residence and freedom of movement

Foreign citizens can enter and remain in Romania based on a legal residence title, which may be a long-stay visa, a temporary residence permit, or a permanent one.

• The long-stay visa (type D) allows an initial stay of up to 90 days, for purposes such as work, study, business, or family reunification.
• The temporary residence permit is issued by the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI) and grants the right to live legally in Romania for a period between 1 and 5 years, depending on the purpose.
• The long-term residence permit can be requested after 5 years of continuous legal residence and provides rights similar to those of Romanian citizens.

EU citizens benefit from simpler rules: they can enter the country using only their national ID card and must register their residence if they stay for more than 3 months.

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The right to work and social protection

One of the most important rights is the right to work under legal and fair conditions.

• Non-EU citizens need a work authorization issued by the Territorial Labor Inspectorate before obtaining a residence permit for employment purposes.
• Once legally employed, they have the same rights as any Romanian employee: a guaranteed minimum wage, social insurance contributions, and access to the national healthcare system.
• If employment ends, the employer must notify the IGI, and the foreign national has the right to seek another job before the current residence permit expires.

For EU citizens, access to the labor market is free — no work permit is required. They only need to comply with Romanian labor laws and contribute to the tax and social systems.

The right to education and healthcare

Foreigners holding a valid residence permit have access to the Romanian education system, from kindergarten to university. In some cases, the Romanian state offers scholarships or special programs for international students.

Regarding healthcare, those who work legally contribute to the National Health Insurance House (CNAS) and benefit from the same medical services as Romanian citizens. Those without insurance can use private healthcare services or purchase international health insurance policies.

The right to property and economic activities

Foreign citizens can own property and conduct business activities in Romania, but conditions differ depending on their country of origin:

• EU citizens can buy land and real estate under the same conditions as Romanian citizens.
• Non-EU citizens can own buildings, but land can only be acquired through a Romanian legal entity (a company).

For business activities, foreigners can establish commercial companies or register as sole traders (PFA) under national law, benefiting from the same fiscal rights as any Romanian entrepreneur.

Civil rights and access to justice

All foreign citizens residing legally in Romania are protected by the Romanian Constitution and by international human rights treaties.

They are entitled to:

• a fair trial and access to Romanian courts;
• protection against discrimination, abuse, or exploitation;
• the right to legal assistance if they cannot afford a lawyer.

Romania also cooperates with embassies and international organizations to ensure that the rights of foreigners on its territory are respected.

Practical tips for foreign residents in Bucharest

• Keep your documents up to date – the residence permit must be renewed before it expires.
• Use official sources for information – the General Inspectorate for Immigration website (igi.mai.gov.ro) provides accurate updates.
• Register your address of residence immediately after arrival.
• Do not ignore notifications from authorities – failure to respond may result in the loss of your residence rights.
• Contact your embassy for assistance in case of emergency.

Accurate information is essential

Romania provides a clear and predictable legal framework for foreign citizens who choose to live, work, or study here. Fundamental rights are guaranteed, but respecting legal procedures and staying well-informed are essential to avoid administrative issues.

For expats and foreign residents, understanding local legislation is the first step toward a safe and stable experience in Romania — whether it’s for employment, family life, or education.